Volume 28, Issue 2 (Iran South Med J 2025)
Iran South Med J 2025, 28(2): 622-633 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Hashemi M, Tahmasebi R, Darabi A, Nemati R, Nabipour I, Noroozi A. The Relationship between Smoking Pat-terns and Depression: Evidence from Bushehr PoCOsteo Study. Iran South Med J 2025; 28 (2) :622-633
URL: http://ismj.bpums.ac.ir/article-1-2273-en.html
URL: http://ismj.bpums.ac.ir/article-1-2273-en.html
Mobin Hashemi1 
, Rahim Tahmasebi2 , Amirhossain Darabi3 , Reza Nemati4 , Iraj Nabipour5 , Azita Noroozi *6
, Rahim Tahmasebi2 , Amirhossain Darabi3 , Reza Nemati4 , Iraj Nabipour5 , Azita Noroozi *6
1- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
2- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
3- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
4- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
5- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
6- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
Department of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran ,azitanoroozi@yahoo.com
2- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
3- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
4- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
5- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
6- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
Department of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran ,
Abstract: (122 Views)
Background: Given the increasing population of older adults in the world and Iran, mental health issues, including depression, and smoking habits in this age group require particular attention. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between smoking habits and depression in women and men over 50 years of age in the PoCOsteo study in Bushehr, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study conducted on the data collected from 1998 men and women over 50 years of age in the PoCOsteo study. Data were collected through a demographic questionnaire, smoking habits questionnaire, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 26 software.
Results: The results of this study showed that smoking patterns are different between men and women; men mainly smoke cigarettes (P<0.001) while women smoke hookah more than men (P<0.001) and are exposed to secondhand smoke (P<0.001). The prevalence of depression was higher in women (9%) than in men (1.2%) (P<0.001). In men, current cigarette use was associated with reduced levels of depression (P<0.001), while in women, hookah use (P=0.001) and exposure to cigarette and hookah smoke (P=0.021) were associated with increased levels of depression.
Conclusion: Tobacco use habits and depression are gender-specific, and in women, hookah use and exposure to secondhand smoke are associated with increased depression, while in men, smoking temporarily reduced depressive symptoms.
Materials and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study conducted on the data collected from 1998 men and women over 50 years of age in the PoCOsteo study. Data were collected through a demographic questionnaire, smoking habits questionnaire, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 26 software.
Results: The results of this study showed that smoking patterns are different between men and women; men mainly smoke cigarettes (P<0.001) while women smoke hookah more than men (P<0.001) and are exposed to secondhand smoke (P<0.001). The prevalence of depression was higher in women (9%) than in men (1.2%) (P<0.001). In men, current cigarette use was associated with reduced levels of depression (P<0.001), while in women, hookah use (P=0.001) and exposure to cigarette and hookah smoke (P=0.021) were associated with increased levels of depression.
Conclusion: Tobacco use habits and depression are gender-specific, and in women, hookah use and exposure to secondhand smoke are associated with increased depression, while in men, smoking temporarily reduced depressive symptoms.
Type of Study: Original |
Subject:
Public Health
Received: 2025/07/20 | Accepted: 2025/09/23 | Published: 2025/11/22
Received: 2025/07/20 | Accepted: 2025/09/23 | Published: 2025/11/22
References
1. Nations U. Living Arrangements of Older Persons: A Report on an Expanded International Dataset. New York: United Nations; 2017. [Article]
2. Zanjari N, Kalantari Banadaki SZ, Sadeghi R, et al. A Futures Study of the Challenges and Drivers of Population Aging in Iran Using the Scenario Analysis Technique. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2024; 19(2): 258-275. (Persian) [DOI]
3. WHO. Mental health of older adults. 20 October 2023. [Article]
4. Golboni F, Mahmoodi H, Baghi V, et al. Prevalence of depression among Iranian elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Iran J Psychiatry 2022; 1(2): 70-80. [Article]
5. Rodda J, Walker Z, Carter J. Depression in older adults. BMJ 2011; 343(8): d5219. [DOI]
6. Meng X, D'Arcy C. Common and unique risk factors and comorbidity for 12-month mood and anxiety disorders among Canadians. Can J Psychiatry 2012; 57(8): 479- 487. [DOI]
7. Weyerer S, Eifflaender-Gorfer S, Köhler L, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for depression in non-demented primary care attenders aged 75 years and older. J Affect Disord 2008; 111(2-3): 153-163. [DOI]
8. Inoue S, Ohya Y, Odagiri Y, et al. Perceived neighborhood environment and walking for specific purposes among elderly Japanese. J Epidemiol 2011; 21(6): 481-490. [DOI]
9. Chang M ,Snaedal J, Einarsson B, et al. The association between midlife physical activity and depressive symptoms in late life: Age gene/environment susceptibility— Reykjavik Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71(4): 502–507. [DOI]
10. Reddy M. Depression: the disorder and the burden. Indian J Psychol Med 2010; 32(1): 1–2. [DOI]
11. Wu Zh, Yue Q, Zhao Zh, et al. A cross-sectional study of smoking and depression among US adults: NHANES (2005-2018). Front Public Health. 2023; 11: 1081706. [DOI]
12. WHO Data. Tobacco Fact Sheet; https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/campaignsand-initiatives/world-no-tobacco-day-2020/wntd-tobacco-fact-sheet.pdf [Article]
13. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2021: Addressing new and emerging products. [Article]
14. Sohrabi MR, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Kolahi A-A. Current Tobacco Smoking Prevalence Among Iranian Population: A Closer Look at the STEPS Surveys. Front. Public Health 2020; 8: 571062. [DOI]
15. Seyyedsalehi MS, Shah A, Rashidian H, et al. Determinants of waterpipe smoking in Iranian adults: results from the IROPICAN study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14: 1292503. [DOI]
16. Hahad O, Beutel M, Gilan DA, et al. The association of smoking and smoking cessation with prevalent and incident symptoms of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance in the general population. J Affect Disord 2022; 313: 100-109. [DOI]
17. Wiesbeck GA. Kuhl HC, Yaldizli O, et al. Tobacco Smoking and Depression –Results from the WHO/ISBRA Study. Neuropsychobiology 2008; 57(1-2): 26–31. [DOI]
18. Fluharty MRes M, Taylor AE, Grabski MRes M, et al. The Association of Cigarette Smoking With Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19(1): 3-13. [DOI]
19. Abdollahpour I, Golestannejad Z, Salimi Y, et al. Joint Waterpipe and Cigarette Smoking as Key Correlate of History of Depression in Iranian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Tob Use Insights 2022; 15: 1179173X221100402. [DOI]
20. Abbadi A, Alnahar J, Zoghoul S, et al. Waterpipe Nicotine Dependence and Depressive Symptoms among Adolescent Waterpipe and Dual Users. J Environ Public Health 2020; 2020: 2364571: 10-19. [DOI]
21. Emre N, Edirne T, Ozsahin A. Waterpipe smoking, internet addiction and depression: A public health problem trio? Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75(4): e13852. [DOI]
22. Bandiera FC, Richardson AK, Lee DJ, et al. Second-hand smoke exposure and mental health among children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011; 165(4): 332–338. [DOI]
23. Lee KJ. Current smoking and secondhand smoke exposure and depression among Korean adolescents: Analysis of a national cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open 2014; 4(2): e003734. [DOI]
24. Poole-Di Salvo E, Liu YH, Brenner S, et al. Adult household smoking is associated with increased child emotional and behavioral problems. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2010; 31(2): 107–115. [DOI]
25. Husky MM, Mazure CM, Paliwal P, et al. Gender differences in the comorbidity of smoking behavior and major depression. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 93(1-2): 176–179. [DOI]
26. Massak A, Graham K. Is the smoking-depression relationship confounded by alcohol consumption? An analysis by gender. Nicotine Tob Res 2008; 10(7): 1231–1243. [DOI]
27. Khashayar P, Dimai HP, Moradi N, et al. Protocol for a multicentre, prospective cohort study of clinical, proteomic and genomic patterns associated with osteoporosis to develop a multidimensional fracture assessment tool: the PoCOsteo j Study. BMJ Open 2020; 10(9): e035363. [DOI]
28. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16(9): 606-613. [DOI]
29. Baheiraei A, Mirghafourvand M, Nedjat SN, et al. Prevalence of Water Pipe Use and Its Correlates in Iranian Women of Reproductive Age in Tehran: A PopulationBased Study. Med Princ Pract 2012; 21(4): 340–344. [DOI]
30. Nakata A, Takahashi M, Ikeda T, et al. Active and passive smoking and depression among Japanese workers. Prev Med 2008; 46(5): 451–456. [DOI]
31. Baum CL. The effects of cigarette costs on BMI and obesity. Health Econ 2009; 18(1): 3-19. [DOI]
32. Virdis A, Giannarelli C, Fritsch Neves M, et al. Cigarette Smoking and Hypertension. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16(23): 2518-2525. [DOI]
33. Sahranavard M, Norouzi Seyed Hossini Rasool, Saffari M, et al. The effect of Home-Based Supervised Otago Exercises on Quality of Life, Psychological Well-Being, and Social Isolation Among Older Adults: A Quasi- Experimental Study. Iran South Med J 2025; 27(5): 338-352. [DOI]
34. John Ph.D, Montgomery PR. Marital Status, Partner Satisfaction, and Depressive Symptoms in Older Men and Women. Can J Psychiatry 2009; 54(7): 487–492. [DOI]
35. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust 2009; 190(S7): S54-S60. [DOI]
36. Tavakkolizadeh J, Ghahramani M, Moghimian M. The Survey of stressful events on smoked and nonsmoked early adults of Gonabad city. Intern Med Today 2004; 10(1): 52-60. (Persian) [Article]
37. Lu W, Wu H. Does passive smoking at home lead to depression among older people in China? Int J Health Plann Mgmt 2019; 1–12. [DOI]
38. Hu Z, Cui E, Chen B et al. Association between cigarette smoking and the risk of major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis in depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Front Med 2025; 12: 1529191. [DOI]
39. Masaki K, Taketa RM, Nakama MK, et al. Relationships Between Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety, Impulsivity and Cigarette and E-cigarette Use Among Young Adults. Hawaii J Health & Soc Welf 2022; 81(3): 51–57. [Article]
40. Assari S, Pallera JS, Najand B. E-Cigarette, Conventional Cigarette, and Depression: Role of Race/Ethnicity in the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2022. J Lung Health Dis 2023; 7(1): 1-6. [DOI]
41. Benowitz NL. Nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(24): 2295-2303. [DOI]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and Permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
